Epigenetics
Epigenetics helps explain why the same coffee variety can yield different characteristics when grown in different regions. Simply put, DNA acts as the plant’s inherent “instruction manual”, while the environment determines the level of activity for specific genes.
Factors such as temperature, sunlight, altitude, water availability, and soil conditions all send distinct signals to the coffee plant. To adapt, the plant adjusts its growth patterns and energy allocation, thereby influencing the development of sugars, acids, and flavor-producing compounds. Consequently, the same Arabica variety can exhibit unique nuances when cultivated in different terroirs.
This demonstrates that terroir encompasses more than just soil, altitude, or climate, it is a continuous interaction between the coffee plant and its environment. Each harvest season brings unique conditions to which the plant responds in its own way, contributing to the distinct character of every coffee bean.